What are the primary processes shaping modernity, as critiqued by Karl Marx and Max Weber?

The primary processes shaping modernity as critiqued by Karl Marx and Max Weber focus on industrialization, bureaucratization, and urbanization. Marx viewed industrialization as a fundamental shift that transformed economies from agrarian to industrial, significantly altering class structures and labor dynamics. This shift was central to his critique of capitalism, where he analyzed the consequences of industrial production on social relations and the exploitation of labor.

Max Weber, on the other hand, examined bureaucratization as a critical component of modernity. He argued that the rise of bureaucratic organizations was essential for managing the complexities of modern life and maintained that this process led to rationalization in various spheres of society, including the economy, law, and governance. Weber also emphasized urbanization, noting how the growth of cities and urban centers changed social interactions and institutions, leading to a complex web of relationships and power structures.

Together, these three processes illustrate a comprehensive understanding of the transformations in modern societies as critiqued by both theorists, capturing the essence of modernity's challenges and developments.