What concept emphasizes that a nation is primarily a cultural community?

The concept that emphasizes a nation as primarily a cultural community is perennialism. This perspective posits that nations are formed and sustained through shared cultural practices, values, and traditions that have evolved over long periods. Perennialism focuses on the role of historical consciousness and the sense of belonging that arises from common cultural heritage, language, and collective experiences, suggesting that the ties that bind members of a nation are deeply rooted in cultural identity rather than political or economic factors alone.

In contrast, nationalism, while closely related, tends to emphasize the political organization and sovereignty of a nation-state, often highlighting the importance of shared identity in the context of statehood. Modernism refers to a broader cultural movement associated with changes in society due to industrialization and globalization, which often contribute to the homogenization of cultures rather than emphasizing distinct cultural communities. Globalization is more focused on the interconnectedness of different cultures and economies on a global scale, often challenging the concept of a singular national cultural identity.