What do Horkheimer and Adorno critique in their work "Dialectic of Enlightenment"?

Horkheimer and Adorno critique Enlightenment rationality as a phenomenon that, while initially aimed at human liberation and progress, ultimately leads to totalitarianism. They argue that the very principles of Enlightenment—emphasizing reason, scientific rationality, and individual autonomy—can paradoxically result in oppressive systems that undermine the freedoms they were meant to promote.

In their analysis, they highlight how rationality can be instrumentalized, resulting in a society where critical thinking is replaced by a more conformist and controlled way of thinking. This critique reflects their concern that the Enlightenment’s promise of emancipation has not materialized as intended, leading instead to domination and a loss of genuine individuality. Thus, their work highlights the dark side of modernity, showcasing how the tools of enlightenment can be twisted to justify authoritarian rule, ultimately serving the interests of powerful elites over the liberation of the masses.