What form of xenophobia has historical roots in Christian anti-Judaism?

The correct answer, anti-Semitism, refers specifically to prejudice against Jewish people, which has deep historical origins intertwined with Christian anti-Judaism. This form of xenophobia is characterized by negative beliefs, stereotypes, and discriminatory practices directed at Jews, often stemming from theological and cultural disputes that date back to the early centuries of Christianity.

Historically, early Christians often positioned themselves in opposition to Judaism, portraying Jews as responsible for the death of Jesus and fostering a narrative that contributed to long-standing hostilities. Over the centuries, this animosity evolved into more systematic forms of discrimination and hatred, culminating in various violent manifestations throughout history, including pogroms and the Holocaust.

The other options represent different forms of prejudice that, while significant, do not have the same direct historical link to Christian anti-Judaism. Islamophobia pertains to prejudice against Muslims; racism encompasses broader discrimination based on race; and heterophobia refers to prejudice against heterosexual individuals, none of which are specifically rooted in the same theological and historical context as anti-Semitism. This focus on anti-Semitism is critical for understanding its unique trajectory within the framework of European cultures and societies.