What historical authority did states derive from before modern citizenship emerged?

Before modern citizenship emerged, states primarily derived their authority from a combination of religion and monarchy. This framework was rooted in long-standing traditions where monarchs were often seen as divinely ordained rulers. The concept of the "divine right of kings" asserted that monarchs were chosen by God, which granted them significant power and legitimacy over their subjects. Religion played a critical role in unifying states and providing a moral justification for the ruler's authority, often intertwining government and religious institutions.

As societies evolved, different models of governance began to take shape, influenced by various philosophical and ideological movements such as social contract theory and revolutionary ideals. However, these developments represent a shift away from the earlier reliance on religion and monarchy towards structures where the power of the state is derived from the consent of the governed. In contrast, democratic principles emerged much later, ushering in a new era where citizenship is founded on individual rights and participation in governance. Thus, the foundational authority of states in the period preceding modern citizenship is firmly rooted in the interplay of religious and monarchical power.